A Cidade de Dourados-MS, se há céu claro, calor; vento e céu alaranjado, poeira, poeirão: um estudo de clima urbano

Abstract

The construction of the urban landscape results in the configuration of urban climates, which is sensorially and visually perceived, that is, it comprises the urban landscape, the rainfall, air temperature, and pollution impacts. The concepts inherent to time, climate, and the rhythm of the types of weather draw from man's concern about the phenomena originating in the atmosphere and their results on the Earth's surface, which directly interfere in the urban landscape. The general aim of this work is to study, discuss and apply the theories of the Urban Climate System (UCS) and the dynamics of the rhythm of time (by MONTEIRO, 1976 and 1971, respectively) in the city of Dourados/MS, in the Midwest of Brazil, to identify and understand the air quality (atmospheric pollution by suspended particulate matter) and the variation of the intraurban temperature and humidity intensities, generating heat and/or freshness archipelagos, in a climatic scale from regional to local. The theories of the system of the urban landscape, Urban Climate - subsystems of the thermodynamic (channel of the thermal comfort) and physical-chemical (channel of the air quality), and analysis of the dynamics of the rhythm of the time were used. To collect the total particulate polluting material in suspension (TPPMS), capture equipment was made by adapting the proposal of Troppmair (1988) and Santos (2011). As for the records of air temperature and relative humidity, a HOBO U10-003 data logger thermo-hygrometer, version 3.4.0, was used inside a meteorological mini-shelter adapted by Machado and Jardim (2012), where 15 apparatus were built and installed simultaneously, covering the urban area for a total of 120 days in the winter and spring seasons of 2017. For measurements of inhalable particulate materials (IPM), the Handy Laser Particle Counter MODEL P311 digital data logger, Airy Technology, was used to measure the particles with diameters of 0.5 μm, 2.5 μm, and 5.0 μm. They were collected in 10 neighborhoods with nine hours of observation for three consecutive days for each spot in the winter and spring seasons of 2017. After the collections, the concentration results of the pollutant IPM and TPPMS were analyzed by the “index of air quality” established by CONAMA, which was qualitatively interpreted by CETESB. The results of IPM and TPPMS pollutants caused the air quality to be impaired in the winter due to the stability of the atmosphere with the action of the atmospheric systems of PA, PV, and PVC. However, in the spring, the pollution occurs mainly by storms that occur in the transition from winter to spring, which cause re- suspension of particulate material in large volume into the atmosphere, leaving the urban landscape with a reddish color due to the turbulences of the atmospheric systems FPA and REP. In winter, with stable weather for several days and reduced rainfall, the concentrations of IPM and TTPMS go beyond the limits established by CETESB and CONAMA since the city is located in a transition zone, where tropical and extratropical atmospheric systems, frontal systems, and convergence zones operate throughout the year. Thus, the types of weather are influenced by the atmospheric systems of South America, such as TC, TA, PA, FPA, and ZCAS, sometimes acting alone, in conditions of absolute dominance, or in an associated way. These observations allowed the understanding of the regional and local urban atmospheric circulatory dynamics and the intensities of the intra-urban thermal variations of Dourados, these expressed by the heat and freshness archipelagos.