(R)existência Kaiowá em meio ao racismo e colonialidade: exploração da mão de obra indígena e violações de direitos humanos

Abstract

The history of indigenous peoples in Brazil is marked by processes of subalternization and deterritorialization, with their traditional forms of existence continually made impossible by the developmental capitalist logic that preys on the environment. In Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), the national federative unit with the second highest concentration of individuals self-identified as indigenous (IBGE, 2010), this cruel reality is aggravated by the fact that it is a region with a strong extractive logic promoted by agribusiness and extensive monocultures. It is in this scenario that the indigenous peoples of the Kaiowá ethnic group resist and fight, whose labor is often used below the provisions contained in international treaties and conventions, in national legislation and externalize the subordination in relation to the ethnic-cultural condition of these individuals that, in the face of continuous marginalization and integrationist pressure, they are subject to precarious working conditions. Considering this context of dehumanization practiced through the denial of rights in the face of these colonized peoples, the theme of this research involves the Kaiowá indigenous resistance in a context of overexploitation of their labor under circumstances of denial of their traditional territories, in disagreement with human rights and fostered by capitalist extractive logic, with emphasis on the border municipalities of Amambai/MS and Caarapó/MS. In order to add materiality, reference is made to data and testimonies produced, during the years 2019 and 2020, by indigenous community researchers linked to the “Teko Joja Project”, in addition to news located at electronic addresses. This research proposes the following question: has colonialism implied the existence of na overexploited Kaiowá indigenous workforce in Mato Grosso do Sul? Based on this central problem, the following hypothesis is proposed: if the superposition of the colonizer's form of power/being/knowledge over the colonized has historically perpetuated itself and continues to occur to the present day, then the exploitation of indigenous labor persists. Kaiowá in southern Mato Grosso do Sul under conditions that violate human rights to the detriment of the traditional way of life and in favor of capitalist developmental advance, as well as the need to recognize collective indigenous rights in order to guarantee their survival. As can be seen from the aforementioned hypothesis, the variables of this social research are: colonization process; exploitation of indigenous labor under conditions that violate human rights; denial of the traditional indigenous way of life. The general objective is to analyze situations of overexploitation of the workforce of indigenous people of the Kaiowá ethnic group residing in Mato Grosso do Sul, mainly in its border region (Amambai and Caarapó), which occurred under conditions of threat and violation of human rights and based on racist practices originated from the colonial period. It is an eminently qualitative research based on cultural, ethnographic and indigenous historiography studies. The dialectical historical materialist approach method is used, with direct and indirect documentation analysis. As a theoretical framework, we use decolonial theories and Latin American critical thinking, in a transdisciplinary approach to Law, Anthropology, History and Sociology.

Ñemombe’upy avakuéra regua ko tetã Brasilpe heta mba’e ikatu eyrupi jehasa hague oñemoĩ ambue he’iva ojapoukapy rupive tekoha mokañy ukarupi, maymáva ava rekoha mokañy ukasévo karai mba’ekuaárupi omondapa opa mba’e rekove. Mato Grosso do Sul pe peteĩ federativa nacional ha’e omohendaukáva peteĩ teĩ ha moõpa ojehekokuaa uka hetave oĩha avakuéra ha’e tekoha guasúgui ojepe’auka opa mba’e ikatúva ojehepy me’ẽ, omoñepyrũvoi imba’ereta potave mopeteĩ. Upe tekoha ryepýpe oikovéva ha oñorairõva oikove haguã ha’e ava Kaiowá, moõpepa oiporu chupe kuéra ikatu’ỹ háicha tembiapo ukapyrã ohepy me’ẽ’ỹre péa ndaipóri oñeñapytĩ háicha convenções internacionais ryepýpe, jejaporãmby opavave pegua, upéa ogueru jepy’apy tekotevẽgui ojejapo avakuéra guireinte, umi mba’e vai ojejapo hese kuéra oikuaarõ jepe ndaikatuiha péicha ojapo hese péa he’ise nomomba’éiri teko ambue ojapo ukante tembiapo pohýi ikatu ha ndaikatúirõ jepe. Jahecha kuaarõ umi ojehúva ndaikatuiha ojejapo umi imba’epotave tavéa renonde rupi ko tembiapo ajapo ahekokuaa uka haguã ñeha’ã jehejae’ỹrã ava Kaiowa kuérare mba’ereícha oñevanga oñemomba’apo ohepyme’ẽ’ỹrẽ ikatuháicha, ivaivéa ndohechakuaa ukái tekohaygua ha’eha avakuéra retã upéa hina me’ẽkuaa direitos tekovekuéra sambyhyha ohecha ombojehuha hina jeipe’a mba’epotave tave peguãrante moõpe ojehuvéa hina ha’e tetã mirĩ ojehe’aha ambue tetã mirĩre Amambai MS ha Caarapo MS ojehe´a hape. Ipahape amohenda haguã jechukapyrã ambohopyta umi oñemombe’u haguéichaite 2019 ha 2020 ryepykuépe umi teko rekore jeporekáva ava osambyhýva Projeto Teko Joja rupive, avei umi marandu rejohu háicha eletrônico rupive. Ko tembiapo omohesakãta ko ava rehegua: umi tekove oñemomburuvicha ojapo ukase haichante ojapóva tembiapo pohýi repyme’ẽ’ỹ avakuéra rekovere MS ryepýpe? ava mba’e ojehuvaívagui amoĩuka ikatúva: japoukase mbarete rupive/moĩuka/mba’ekuaa ojapoukáva mbaretepente ijapye’ỹva oñemombe’upýrupi ha oĩméva A gaitépeve ojehuháicha. Upéa oñemomba’e umi avakuéra rembiapo repyme’ẽ’ỹre ko tetã MS jasúoto opytávare ombojehu ukáva ojehecha ỹhaguicha umi mba’eapovai, me’ẽkuaa tekovekuéra tekoe’ỹme oguerekoukáva ha’e okakuaase guinte oipota haichaite, ko’anga ojehu tekotevẽ ojehechakuaa pe me’ẽkuaa direitos rupive opavave avakuéra ikatu haguãicha oñemohenda guekove mboguatarã. Oĩme háicha ojehecha haguã pe tembiaporãpe hetavaregua arandu ojeporekáva háicha: omoñepyrũva oiporeka ojapo ukase háichante ojapóva tembiapo pohýi repyme’ẽ’ỹ avakuéra rekovére ha’e omokañyva ojapo ñemíva me’ẽkuaa direitos tekovekuéra mba’e, oñomíva ava reko mba’eteéva. Ahupityséva ha’e ahechase amohenda haguã umi ojehúva ikatu e’ỹháicha avakuéra Kaiowápe omomba’apo reíre oikóva ko tetã MS pe, tetã mirĩ Amambai ha Caarapo pe ojehúva hina mongyhyje rupive, oñomíva me’ẽkuaágui direitos tekovekuérape guãrã oñemohenda háicha jeja’oky´a jehejarei ndaikatúi opytarei ojehu.