Epidemiologia de bactérias Gram-negativas multirresistentes durante a pandemia de COVID-19 e avaliação de novas alternativas antimicrobianas

Abstract

Introduction: Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania, which are transmitted by the bite of infected female insects (phlebotomines). Depending on the infecting species, Leishmania can cause cutaneous leishmaniasis (TL) or visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The etiological agents include protozoa from 21 species of the genus Leishmania and, in certain situations, dogs and horses are suggested as hosts/reservoirs.Objectives: To evaluate the possible involvement of the tick in the contamination of an individual in Nova Andradina, MS, Brazil; research the sandfly fauna and Leishmania DNA in native forest of Nova Andradina (NA); investigate the diversity of sandflies and animal and human hosts in native forest in a military area of Dourados, MS, Brazil.Methodology: For the case report, biopsy and PCR were performed to search for Leishmania spp. in an individual's skin lesion. Primary data collected in a rural area of Nova Andradina from Mar/2019 to Feb/2020 and in a military area of Dourados from Jan/2021 to Dec/2021 were used. Modified Falcão light traps were installed at night at 05 collection points in a rural area of Nova Andradina for 1 day over 11 months. CDC (Center Disease Control) type traps were installed at 8 collection points in the military area of Dourados for 3 consecutive days for 12 months. After identifying the species, the DNA extracted from the females was subjected to PCR (polymerase chain reaction) with Multiplex PCR with primers 13A/13B to search for Leishmania spp. DNA. In Dourados, peripheral blood was collected from 235 military personnel and 35 domestic animals (horses and dogs), the extracted DNA was subjected to PCR with the primers LITSR / L5.8S. Results: In the skin lesion analyzed, the presence of forms suggestive of Leishmania amastigotes and detection of DNA of Leishmania spp. in PCR. In total, 42,933 sandflies were captured in NA, male:female ratio (0.3:1), with a predominance of the species Nyssomyia neivai (96.5%), proven vector of Leishmania brasiliensis and a DNA detection rate of 0.1 %. In the military area of Dourados, 652 specimens belonging to 18 different species were captured, Lutzomyia longipalps, the main vector of Leishmania infantum (etiological agent of visceral leishamniosis), despite a small quantity (10; 1.5%), was present in half of the collection points (forest and near-domestic areas). The DNA detection rate of Leishmania spp. was 0.31% (one pool of Psathyromyia sp. and one pool of Brumptomyia sp.). No Leishmania DNA was detected in the vertebrate hosts analyzed (military personnel, horses, and dogs). Conclusion: In both areas analyzed, the presence of vector species was observed, both for LT and LV. These findings, associated with the confirmed diagnosis of TL in an NA patient, should serve as a warning to the competent bodies regarding the possibility of expanding LT in Nova Andradina. Mainly, considering that the area analyzed has been frequently used for leisure activities, in addition to confirming the diagnosis of TL in an individual in this same area. It also raises an alert for the possibility of future transmission of the parasite that causes VL in Dourados due to the military area presenting characteristics favorable to the spread of the vector, proximity to the urban area and circulation of Leishmania spp DNA. This study describes an investigation that will indicate control actions, both in educational activities regarding individual preventive measures and environmental preservation, and in the maintenance of the places where animals are housed and circulate as they are factors that prevent proliferation. of Leishmania spp. in the urban and peri-urban environment.