Isolamento e análise de fungos Micorrízicos arbusculares de solo do deserto de La Joya no Peru e possível aplicação das Micorrizas arbusculares na aclimatação de plantas cultivadas in vitro baseado em micorrizas nativas obtidas de solo de Dourados - MS

Abstract

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbiotic associations with the roots of approximately 80% of the plants, being the most widespread symbiosis on the earth's surface. In this symbiosis the plant provides the fungus with a carbon source in exchange for nutrients, phosphorus being the most representative, in addition inducing to the plant’s resistance mechanisms to biotic and abiotic stresses. In the last years, studies related to ecological, systematic and evolutionary aspects of AMFs have awakened interest and promoted their biotechnological application, both for agricultural and in the recovery of degraded areas purposes. Although studies on AMFs have increased in the last years, the current situation in Peru is still limited and little information is available, mainly regarding their diversity and importance of these fungi in the balance of ecosystems and possible applications. With the objective of deepening the knowledge, both of the diversity of AMFs in Peru, and their possible applications, the present study was divided into three chapters. The first chapter will give an overview of the diversity of AMFs found and already reported in Peru and future considerations. The second chapter deals with the study of AMF diversity in the La Joya desert, an arid region in southern Peru under strong anthropic activity due to a colonization process for the creation of agricultural settlements. The third and last chapter was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of AMFs during the acclimatization process of guavira (Campomanesia adamantium (Camb.) O. Berg), a fruit species native from Brazilian Cerrado and propagated in vitro. For the latter study, the tested AMFs were isolated from local soil in a cultivation area of C. adamantium itself and a commercial inoculum was used as control AMF. The main findings of the study, it was verified that Peru presents a high richness of AMF in the Peruvian Amazon region and a low richness in the Andean and Coastal region. As for the study carried out with soil samples from the La Joya desert, coastal region of Peru, it was possible to verify the presence of a diversity of 11 species of AMF. This relatively low number of species may be directly related to the characteristics of the soil, such as the high content of ions. In the last study, it was possible to verify that the use of native AMF isolated from the same local occurrence of C. adamantium promoted an increase in the quality of the plants during the process of acclimatization, producing greater development of the aerial part when compared to plants grown with commercial inoculum and the uninoculated.