O paradoxo indígena entre a soberania estatal e o ativismo transnacional: a campanha pela demarcação do território Yanomami em face da ditadura militar brasileira (1970–1992)

Abstract

This study analyzes the performance of the transnational advocacy network in defense of the Yanomami people during the Brazilian military dictatorship (1964-1985), investigating how international mobilization responded to rights violations stemming from developmentalist policies. The research adopts a qualitative approach based on documentary analysis of the Socio-Environmental Institute and the National Archive collections, utilizing the "boomerangspiral" model and the theoretical frameworks of Jonas Bens, Irène Bellier and Jennifer Hays, and Karen Engle to examine activism dynamics. It is argued that, although international pressure was decisive for the ratification of the Yanomami Park in 1992, struggle strategies underwent a pragmatic transition: the replacement of the agenda of parity between nations with the culturalist paradigm, aligned with the language of the human rights system, aiming to insert their demands into global governance spaces. The results demonstrate that territorial demarcation, per se, is insufficient to deter persistent threats such as illegal mining, highlighting the structural conflict between indigenous rights and the rigid paradigms of national sovereignty within the Modern State.