Turismo e turismo de natureza em Mato Grosso do Sul: proposição de um zoneamento turístico a partir do geossistema

Abstract

Mato Grosso do Sul is one of the 27 Brazilian states. It is placed on south of Center-west Brazilian region and it is bordered by five states: Mato Grosso, Goiás, Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Paraná, also by two South American countries: Paraguay and Bolivia. Its population is estimated in 2.62 billion people, mostly living in the capital of the state, the city of Campo Grande. Its territorial extension surrounds 357.100 km². It is bordered on the West by hydrographic basin of Paraguay river and on South, by Paraná river, limited by Bodoquena Sierra and Maracaju Sierra, respectively, both marking the water and territorial divisions. Tourism is the second most important economic activity regarding the financial support offered by statal government. Jardim, Bonito, Bodoquena, Corumbá and Miranda outstand as the main destinations, but this research also focused other landscapes of interest, which are beyond tourism itself. In addition, both spatialisation and specialization of the landscapes and their touristic potentialities showed the importance of this research. Objectives were defined under the perspective of identifying and understanding the displacement of the landscapes, from Mato Grosso do Sul geosystems, also in order to zone and to hierarchy them for nature tourism purposes, even in a very general view. As specific objective, we aimed to identify – based on other potential researches for nature tourism – the characterization of the geosystems; to propose a zoning of the landscape units, based on their potentialities for nature tourism, and, finally, to define the possible scenarios able to be modified for nature tourism. Literature review on interest themes – tourism, landscapes, landscape units and zoning – founded the definition of the method of analysis as being systemic. Results were presented as landscape units, nine in total, both described and identified as: Bodoquena Sierra, Low Pantanal, Chaco, Depression of Miranda river, High Pantanal, Sucuriú-Aporé, Maracaju Sierra, Iguatemi and Wetlands of Parana river. They pointed that nature tourism in such landscape units occur very slowly, except in Bodoquena Sierra and Low Pantanal, although the other units showed touristic potential, even with scattered flows. To reach this quantity of units, which represent the landscapes of Mato Grosso do Sul state, twenty in loco visits, covering state and federal roads which surrounded big homogeneous landscapes were performed for analyzing each unit as referential for indoors studies developed between 2015 and 2017. These visits were important for assemble the images and field data bases through diverse techniques derived from notes, pictures, samples and identification of physical characteristics of the landscapes – structure, shape and function – and their level of homogeneity inside each unity, what enabled us to suggest each one a specific touristic potential. Through pictograms of touristic activities, we evidenced the complexity of the state’s landscapes. Under this perspective, the proposition a zoning model with geo-referenced information is a warranty of a trustful data basis to base public policies turned to the development of nature tourism in both public and private sectors.