(Bio)compostagem de Resíduos Agroindustriais para padronização e gestão ambiental sustentável

Abstract

The expansion of Brazilian agricultural production demands fertilizers, while also increasing the generation of agroindustrial waste. These present the opportunity to combine studies to enable the use and final disposal of waste and valorized products, agricultural supplies, and reduction of environmental impacts. (Bio)composting is a technique that allows for the recycling of organic waste using natural resources. The technique enables the transformation of organic waste into fertilizers and is suitable for the treatment of agroindustrial waste, especially organic waste. The (bio)composting process was carried out at OCA AMBIENTAL in Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, on an industrial scale, using periodically turned windrows to accommodate aerobic and/or anaerobic processes in the degradation of organic waste through combinations, sieving, and maturation through open-air storage. Turnovers were performed every 20 days. The width of the windrows ranged from 3m to 4m, and the height was between 1.0m to 1.5m. The length of the windrows varied according to the available space, typically ranging from 20 to 50m (ARACAJU; URBANA; NUNES, 2009). The windrows were monitored for moisture content, pH, total carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, and volume to track the composting process. Laboratory analyses were periodically performed and used to determine the contents of available nutrients, micro and macronutrients, process parameters, microorganisms, functionality, and biosafety of the final product. The study also included bibliographic comparisons to establish the state of the art and characterize the materials, handling, and properties. Three soil samples were analyzed for their microbiota through genomic sequencing. Only two samples had sufficient quantity and quality of DNA for analysis, and various bacterial and fungal phyla were identified. Among these, the most prominent were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes for bacteria, and Ascomycota for fungi. Some species found were pathogenic to humans and plants. Information on the composition of inputs and/or agroindustrial raw materials from different sources was obtained through the landfill system, enabling the standardization of (bio)composting for the development of fertilizer formulas with properties suitable for crops in MS