Produtividade agroeconomica e bromatologia das plantas de açafrão da terra em função do cultivo com diferentes números de fileiras e de amontoas

Abstract

The socioeconomic interest for the tumeric plants occurs mainly due to its alimentary and medicinal properties, was well its strong pigmentation, that makes possible its use like natural dye. The objectives of the studies were to evaluate the productivity and profitability of the tumeric plants plants grown of the soil in flowerbed with different numbers of rows spacing and hillings, to perform the bromatological characterization of the different components of the plant (leaf, mother-rhizome, daughter-rhizome, root), and extract and characterize the starch of its rhizomes. In the first study, the tumeric plants plants were cultivated in the Horto of the Medicinal Plants - HPM, Federal University of Grande Dourados - UFGD, under three and four rows spacing of plants in the flowerbed and with zero, one and two hilling arranged in a 2x3 factorial scheme in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Plant height, pseudostem base diameter and number of leaves per plant, as well as yields (266 days after planting) of fresh and dry leaf masses of hte mother rhizomes, daughter rhizome and roots. The economic viability of the production of rhizomes was evaluated by means of studies of production costs and yield per hectare. In the second study, the bromatological characterization of the components (leaf, mother rhizomes, daughter rhizome and root) of the tumeric plants cultivated under three and four rows spacing of plants in the zero, one and two hilling, factorial 2x3x4. The bromatological potential (fiber, lipids, protein, moisture, ash) and color of the raw material of the different components tumeric plants plant were evaluated. The starch of the mother rhizomes and the daughter rhizomes were extracted and characterized and the percentage of yield compared to the fresh mass of their respective rhizomes was evaluated. In the first study it was observed that the highest values for the height (65.38 cm), the diameter of pseudostem (8.51 cm) and the number of leaves (13.3) of tumeric plants plants were from the cultivated plants with three rows spacing and one hilling, at 210, 263 and 192 days after planting (DAP), respectively. The highest leaf fresh mass (2.34 Mg ha-1) and leaf dry mass (0.52 Mg ha-1) were from three row cultivated plants. The highest fresh and dry masses of mother rhizome (0.85 and 0.18 Mg ha-1, respectively) and daughter rhizome (4.72 and 0.91 Mg ha-1, respectively) were from tumeric plants cultivated with a hilling, and the fresh and dry mass of roots had a general average of 0.60 and 0.17 Mg ha-1, respectively. The lowest cost of production was R$ 17,204.73 for plants grown in flowerbeds with three rows with zero hilling. The highest net profitability was R$ 19,252.27when the treatment was used three rows of plants in the plot and one hilling. In the second study, the highest fiber content (41.58%) was observed in the roots of the tumeric plants plants. The highest levels of lipids (12.46%), protein (14.63%) and ash (13.80%) were found in the tumeric leaves. The starch extracted from the rhizomes presented, by X-ray diffractometry, granules with two more intense peaks in regions 2Ɵ equal to 5 and 17 and the scanning electron microscopy showed oval granules, having one of the pointed ends. In the first study it was concluded that the use of different numbers of rows and different numbers of hilling influenced the production of rhizomes of the tumeric plants and the higher yields in gross and net productivity and incomes were obtained in the plants tumeric plants cultivated in flowerbeds with three rows and one hilling. In the second study it was concluded that the use of different numbers of rows and different numbers of hilling in the cultivation of the tumeric plants influenced the production and the composition bromatological in its different botanical components.